From: Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Archaeology_an?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?d_the_New_Test?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?ament?= Date: Sun, 15 Feb 2004 15:35:42 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_01CB_01C3F3D9.5EFF7A80"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.3314.1001 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_01CB_01C3F3D9.5EFF7A80 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: =?iso-8859-1?B?aHR0cDovL3d3dy5wcm8=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?YmUub3JnL2RvY3MvYXI=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?Y2gtbnQuaHRtbA==?= Archaeology and the New Testament

=20

Archaeology and the New Testament

Pat Zukeran

There is an ongoing debate among scholars regarding the historical = accuracy of the Bible. Some feel that the Bible is a fictitious = work and=20 should be read as a work of literary fiction. Others feel it is an = accurate historical work divinely inspired by God. Archaeology has = played=20 a major role in determining the trustworthiness of the Bible. In a = previous = article, we=20 discussed archaeological confirmations of the Old Testament. In = this one,=20 we will look at the archaeological discoveries that have confirmed = the=20 historical accuracy of the New Testament. There is a great deal of = evidence outside of the Bible that confirms the account of Jesus = as=20 written in the Gospels.

It is important to realize, however, that it is unrealistic to = expect=20 archaeology to back up every event and place in the New Testament. = Our=20 perspective is to look for what evidence exists and see whether or = not it=20 corresponds with the New Testament.

Historical Confirmation of Jesus

The first evidence comes = from the=20 four Gospels which, themselves, are proven to be accurate.{1} Outside the biblical text are several = witnesses as=20 well. Jewish historian Josephus (37 A.D.=96100 A.D.) recorded the = history of=20 the Jewish people in Palestine from 70 A.D. to 100 A.D. In his = work=20 Antiquities, he states:=20

Now there was about this time, Jesus, a wise man, if = it be=20 lawful to call him a man, for he was a doer of wonderful works, = a=20 teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew = over to=20 him both many of the Jews and many of the gentiles. He was the = Christ=20 and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst = us, had=20 condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first = did not=20 forsake him. For he appeared alive again the third day, as the = divine=20 prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful = things=20 concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, = are not=20 extinct to this day.{2}

Although he mentions Jesus in a sarcastic way, Josephus = confirms the=20 facts that Jesus did do many great miracles, drew a following, was = crucified, and was proclaimed alive on the third day.

Pliny the Younger, Emperor of Bythynia in northwestern Turkey, = writing=20 to Emperor Trajan in 112 A.D. writes:

They were in the habit of meeting on a certain fixed day = before it=20 was light, when they sang an anthem to Christ as God, and bound=20 themselves by a solemn oath not to commit any wicked deed, but = to=20 abstain from all fraud, theft and adultery, never to break their = word,=20 or deny a trust when called upon to honor it; after which it was = their=20 custom to separate, and then meet again to partake of food, but = ordinary=20 and innocent kind.

One of the most important Romans historians is Tacitus. In 115 = A.D. he=20 recorded Nero's persecution of the Christians, in the process of = which he=20 wrote the following:

Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the = extreme=20 penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our=20 procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous = superstition, thus=20 checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judea, . . . = but=20 even in Rome.{3}

There are over 39 extra-biblical sources that attest to over = one=20 hundred facts regarding the life and teachings of Jesus.

Accuracy of the Gospels

The accuracy of the Gospels has = been=20 supported by archaeology. The names of many of the Israelite = cities,=20 events, and people described in them have now been located. Here = are a few=20 examples.=20

The Gospels mention four neighboring and well-populated coastal = cities=20 along the Sea of Galilee: Capernaum, Bethsaida, Chorazin, and = Tiberias.=20 Jesus performed many miracles in the first three cities. Despite = this=20 testimony, these cities rejected Jesus and therefore were cursed = by Him=20 (Matt. 11:20-24; Luke 10:12-16). These cities eventually = disappeared from=20 history and their locations remained missing for centuries. Their = demise=20 fulfills the prophetic condemnation of Jesus.

Only recently has archaeology recovered their possible = locations. Tell=20 Hum is believed to be Capernaum. (A "tell" is a mound or elevated = land=20 that has arisen by repeated and long-term rebuilding of the same = site.=20 Layers of civilizations can be found at different strata). The = locations=20 of Bethsaida and Chorazin still remain unconfirmed, but the = present site=20 at a tell 1.5 miles north of the Galilean shoreline is believed to = be=20 Bethsaida, while Tell Khirbet Kerezah, 2.5 miles northwest of = Capernaum,=20 is thought to be Chorazin.

Matthew 2 states that Jesus was born during the reign of Herod. = Upon=20 hearing that a king had been born, the frightened Herod ordered = all=20 children under the age of two to be killed. His slaughter of = innocents is=20 consistent with the historical facts that describe his character. = Herod=20 was suspicious of anyone whom he thought may take his throne. His = list of=20 victims included one of his ten wives, who was his favorite, three = of his=20 own sons, a high priest, an ex-king, and two of his sister's = husbands.=20 Thus, his brutality portrayed in Matthew is consistent with his=20 description in ancient history.

John's accuracy has also been attested to by recent = discoveries. In=20 John 5:1-15 Jesus heals a man at the Pool of Bethesda. John = describes the=20 pool as having five porticoes. This site had long been in dispute = until=20 recently. Forty feet underground, archaeologists discovered a pool = with=20 five porticoes, and the description of the surrounding area = matches John's=20 description. In 9:7 John mentions another long disputed site, the = Pool of=20 Siloam. However, this pool was also discovered in 1897, upholding = the=20 accuracy of John.

Evidence for Pontius Pilate, the governor who presided over the = trial=20 of Jesus, was discovered in Caesarea Maritama. In 1961, an Italian = archaeologist named Antonio Frova uncovered a fragment of a plaque = that=20 was used as a section of steps leading to the Caesarea Theater. = The=20 inscription, written in Latin, contained the phrase, "Pontius = Pilatus,=20 Prefect of Judea has dedicated to the people of Caesarea a temple = in honor=20 of Tiberius." This temple is dedicated to the Emperor Tiberius who = reigned=20 from 14=9637 A.D. This fits well chronologically with the New = Testament=20 which records that Pilot ruled as procurator from 26=9636 A.D. = Tacitus, a=20 Roman historian of the first century, also confirms the New = Testament=20 designation of Pilate. He writes, "Christus, from whom the name = had its=20 origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius = at the=20 hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus. . . ."

Confirmation Regarding the Crucifixion

All four Gospels = give=20 details of the crucifixion of Christ. Their accurate portrayal of = this=20 Roman practice has been confirmed by archaeology. In 1968, a = gravesite in=20 the city of Jerusalem was uncovered containing thirty-five bodies. = Each of=20 the men had died a brutal death which historians believe was the = result of=20 their involvement in the Jewish revolt against Rome in 70 A.D.=20

The inscription identified one individual as Yohan Ben = Ha'galgol.=20 Studies of the bones performed by osteologists and doctors from = the=20 Hadassah Medical School determined the man was twenty-eight years = old,=20 stood five feet six inches, and had some slight facial defects due = to a=20 cleft right palate.

What intrigued archaeologists were the evidences that this man = had been=20 crucified in a manner resembling the crucifixion of Christ. A = seven-inch=20 nail had been driven through both feet, which were turned outward = so the=20 nail could be hammered inside the Achilles tendon.

Archaeologists also discovered that nails had been driven = through his=20 lower forearms. A victim of a crucifixion would have to raise and = lower=20 his body in order to breathe. To do this, he needed to push up on = his=20 pierced feet and pull up with his arms. Yohan's upper arms were = smoothly=20 worn, indicating this movement.

John records that in order to expedite the death of a prisoner, = executioners broke the legs of the victim so that he could not = lift=20 himself up by pushing with his feet (19:31-33). Yohan's legs were = found=20 crushed by a blow, breaking them below the knee. The Dead Sea = Scrolls tell=20 that both Jews and Romans abhorred crucifixion due to its cruelty = and=20 humiliation. The scrolls also state it was a punishment reserved = for=20 slaves and any who challenged the ruling powers of Rome. This = explains why=20 Pilate chose crucifixion as the penalty for Jesus.

Relating to the crucifixion, in 1878 a stone slab was found in = Nazareth=20 with a decree from Emperor Claudius who reigned from 41=9654 A.D. = It stated=20 that graves must not be disturbed nor bodies to be removed. The = punishment=20 on other decrees is a fine but this one threatens death and comes = very=20 close to the time of the resurrection. This was probably due to = Claudius=20 investigating the riots of 49 A.D. He had certainly heard of the=20 resurrection and did not want any similar incidents. This decree = was=20 probably made in connection with the Apostles' preaching of Jesus' = resurrection and the Jewish argument that the body had been = stolen.

Historian Thallus wrote in 52 A.D. Although none of his texts = remain,=20 his work is cited by Julius Africanus' work, Chronography. = Quoting=20 Thallus on the crucifixion of Christ, Africanus states, "On the = whole=20 world, there pressed a most fearful darkness, and the rocks were = rent by=20 an earthquake, and many places in Judea and other districts were = thrown=20 down."{4} Thallus calls this darkness, "as appears = to me=20 without reason, an eclipse of the sun."{5}

All the discoveries made are consistent with the details in the = crucifixion account given by the writers of the Gospels. These = facts lend=20 indirect support for the biblical accounts of Jesus' crucifixion = and that=20 the tomb was empty.

Historical Accuracy of Luke

At one time, scholars did not = view=20 Luke's historical accounts in his Gospel and Acts as accurate. = There=20 appeared to be no evidence for several cities, persons, and = locations that=20 he named in his works. However, archaeological advances have = revealed that=20 Luke was a very accurate historian and the two books he has = authored=20 remain accurate documents of history.=20

One of the greatest archaeologists is the late Sir William = Ramsay. He=20 studied under the famous liberal German historical schools in the=20 mid-nineteenth century. Known for its scholarship, this school = taught that=20 the New Testament was not a historical document. With this = premise, Ramsay=20 investigated biblical claims as he searched through Asia Minor. = What he=20 discovered caused him to reverse his initial view. He wrote:

I began with a mind unfavorable to it [Acts], for the = ingenuity and=20 apparent completeness of the Tubingen theory had at one time = quite=20 convinced me. It did not then in my line of life to investigate = the=20 subject minutely; but more recently I found myself often brought = into=20 contact with the Book of Acts as an authority for the = topography,=20 antiquities, and society of Asia Minor. It was gradually borne = in upon=20 me that in various details the narrative showed marvelous = truth.{6}

Luke's accuracy is demonstrated by the fact that he names key=20 historical figures in the correct time sequence as well as correct = titles=20 to government officials in various areas: Thessalonica, = politarchs;=20 Ephesus, temple wardens; Cyprus, procouncil; and Malta, the first = man of=20 the island.

In Luke's announcement of Jesus' public ministry (Luke 3:1), he = mentions, "Lysanius tetrarch of Abilene." Scholars questioned = Luke's=20 credibility since the only Lysanius known for centuries was a = ruler of=20 Chalcis who ruled from 40=9636 B.C. However an inscription dating = to be in=20 the time of Tiberius, who ruled from 14=9637 A.D., was found = recording a=20 temple dedication which names Lysanius as the "tetrarch of Abila" = near=20 Damascus. This matches well with Luke's account.

In Acts 18:12-17, Paul was brought before Gallio, the proconsul = of=20 Achaea. Once again archaeology confirms this account. At Delphi an = inscription of a letter from Emperor Claudius was discovered. In = it he=20 states, "Lucius Junios Gallio, my friend, and the proconsul of = Achaia . .=20 ."{7} Historians date the inscription to 52 = A.D. which=20 corresponds to the time of the apostle's stay in 51.

In Acts 19:22 and Romans 16:23, Erastus, a coworker of Paul, is = named=20 the Corinthian city treasurer. Archaeologists excavating a = Corinthian=20 theatre in 1928 discovered an inscription. It reads, "Erastus in = return=20 for his aedilship laid the pavement at his own expense." The = pavement was=20 laid in 50 A.D. The designation of treasurer describes the work of = a=20 Corinthian aedile.

In Acts 28:7, Luke gives Plubius, the chief man on the island = of Malta,=20 the title, "first man of the island." Scholars questioned this = strange=20 title and deemed it unhistorical. Inscriptions have recently been=20 discovered on the island that indeed gives Plubius the title of = "first=20 man."

"In all, Luke names thirty-two countries, fifty-four cities, = and nine=20 islands without error."{8} A. N. Sherwin-White states, "For Acts the = confirmation of historicity is overwhelming. . . . Any attempt to = reject=20 its basic historicity must now appear absurd. Roman historians = have long=20 taken it for granted."{9}

The Shroud of Turin

The Gospels record that after His = crucifixion=20 Jesus was wrapped in a long linen cloth and placed in the tomb = (Matt.=20 27:59). John records that when Peter investigated the empty tomb, = he found=20 the burial cloth folded neatly next to where Christ once laid = (20:6-7).=20

A linen shroud called the Shroud of Turin, on display at the = Vatican,=20 has been claimed to be that burial cloth. It is 14.25 feet long = and 3.5=20 feet wide. On it is an image with pierced wrists and ankles = believed to be=20 that of Christ.

The shroud first appeared for public display sometime after = 1357 in=20 Lirey, France. A knight named Geoffrey de Charny brought the = shroud to=20 France. In 1453 de Charny's granddaughter gave the shroud to the = Duke of=20 Savoy who then in 1578 brought it to Turin, Italy. In 1983, it was = willed=20 to the Vatican.

In 1898, Secondo Pia photographed the shroud and believed the = image was=20 a negative image like that of a photograph. This added to the = mystery of=20 the shroud since photography had not been invented during medieval = times.=20 In 1973 a group of experts confirmed the fact that no pigment of = paint was=20 found even under magnification. For many, this was proof of the = shroud's=20 authenticity.

The most extensive study was undertaken in 1977. An = international team=20 of Swiss, American, and Italian scientist studied the shroud for = five days=20 at the Savoy Royal Palace at Turin. They used six tons of = equipment and=20 2.5 million dollars for their research. It has been one of the = most=20 intensely studied artifacts of all time.

The study could not determine the authenticity of the fabric.=20 Experiments that followed proved the image contained blood as well = as=20 aragonite, a particular calcium carbonate that is found in = Jerusalem's=20 first century tombs. Swiss criminologist Max Frei found = forty-eight=20 samples of pollen, of which seven could have come from plants in=20 Palestine. The weave of the cloth was herringbone twill, a style = that=20 existed in ancient times.

Although these findings supported the authenticity of the = shroud, other=20 findings testified otherwise. In 1987, the shroud was carbon 14 = tested to=20 verify its date. Laboratories in Oxford, Zurich, and the = University of=20 Arizona tested the cloth. The result indicated a fourteenth = century date=20 for the shroud. This conclusion continues to be challenged and = future=20 tests are sure to follow. Another problem is that coins minted by = Pontius=20 Pilate were placed over the eyes of the figure. This was not a = Jewish=20 custom, nor does it seem likely that Joseph of Arimathea or = Nicodemus=20 would have placed on Jesus' eyes a coin with the image of the = leader who=20 condemned him.

Despite the fourteenth century date, scientists are still = unable to=20 explain how the negative image was created. The shroud remains a = mystery=20 as well as a lesson for us as believers that we should not put our = faith=20 in mysterious articles.

Notes=20

  1. See "Authority of = the=20 Bible" at www.probe.docs/auth-bib.html.=20
  2. Josephus, Book 18, Chapter 3:3=20
  3. Tacitus, Annals, 15.44=20
  4. Julius Africanus, Chronography, 18:1. =
  5. Ibid.=20
  6. William Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveler and = the Roman=20 Citizen (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1982), 8.=20
  7. John McRay, Archaeology and the New = Testament=20 (Grand Rapids, MI.: Baker Books, 1991), 227.=20
  8. Norman Geisler, Baker Encyclopedia of=20 Apologetics (Grand Rapids, MI.: Baker Books, 1999), 47.=20
  9. A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Society and = Roman Law in=20 the New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 189.=20

=A9 2000 Probe Ministries International

About the Author

Patrick Zukeran is = an=20 associate speaker for Probe Ministries. He has a BA in Religion = from Point=20 Loma Nazarene University and a Master of Theology from Dallas = Theological=20 Seminary. He is an author, radio talk show host, and a national = and=20 international speaker on apologetics, cults, world religions, = Bible,=20 theology, and current issues. His radio talk show "Evidence and = Answers"=20 airs weekly on KWORD 100.7FM in Dallas, Texas. Before joining = Probe, Pat=20 served for twelve years as an Associate Pastor. He can be reached = via=20 e-mail at pzukeran@probe.org.

What is Probe?

Probe Ministries is a non-profit ministry whose = mission=20 is to assist the church in renewing the minds of believers with a=20 Christian worldview and to equip the church to engage the world = for=20 Christ. Probe fulfills this mission through our Mind Games=20 conferences for youth and adults, our 3 1/2 minute daily radio = program,=20 our extensive Web site at www.probe.org, and the ProbeCenter at = the=20 University of Texas at Austin.

Further information about Probe's materials and ministry may be = obtained by contacting us at:

Probe Ministries
1900 Firman Drive, Suite=20 100
Richardson, TX 75081
(972) = 480-0240    FAX(972) 644-9664
info@probe.org
www.probe.org =

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