From: Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?What_Year_Was_?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?Jesus_Nailed_t?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?o_the_=22Stake=22=3F?= Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2004 09:18:15 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0043_01C40292.CA143820"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.3314.1001 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0043_01C40292.CA143820 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: =?iso-8859-1?B?aHR0cDovL3d3dy5ob3A=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?ZS1vZi1pc3JhZWwub3I=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?Zy9qZXN1c25+MS5odG0=?= What Year Was Jesus Nailed to the "Stake"?
Triumph = Prophetic=20 Ministries (Church of = God)

What Year Was Jesus Nailed to the=20 "Stake"?

When was Jesus Christ nailed to the "stake" outside Jerusalem? = What=20 was
the YEAR of the crucifixion of Christ? Was it 33 A.D. as = Catholics=20 claim?
Was it 31 A.D.? Or was it in 30 A.D.? What is the truth? = And=20 what differ-
ence does it make? Here is vital information and=20 historical proof that Jesus
the Nazarene was indeed the = promised=20 Messiah!

William F. Dankenbring

Jesus' ministry began in 27 A.D., about the time of the Passover. = Therefore,=20 to know what year He died, it would help if we could determine the = length of His=20 ministry. How long did He preach, before He was killed? This, too, is a = matter=20 of great controversy! Some say three and one half years; others claim He = preached one year, and others, like Ernest Martin, say His ministry = lasted only=20 two years. But what is the truth?

Jesus' ministry began from the very moment of His baptism, by John = the=20 Baptist, when the Holy Spirit came upon Him in a special way. We read in = Luke,=20 chapter 3:

Jesus, of course, was literally begotten of the Holy Spirit at His = conception=20 (Matt.20-21; Luke 1:35). As He grew up as a boy, He "waxed strong in = spirit,=20 filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him" (Luke 2:40). What = then is=20 meant by the Holy Spirit coming upon Him at His baptism? This can only = refer to=20 the Holy Spirit anointing Him to begin His ministry, and to begin = preaching the=20 gospel, the purpose for which He was sent!

Since Christ was born about September, in 4 B.C., He would have been = "about=20 thirty years of age" in spring of A.D. 27. Thus He was baptized before = Passover=20 in A.D. 27, and "anointed" for His ministry at that time. At this point, = Jesus=20 went up to the wilderness, and fasted forty days, and was tempted of the = devil=20 (Luke 4:1-13, Matt.4:1-11). This was special preparation for His = ministry. After=20 this, he departed into Galilee, and dwelt in Capernaum (Matt.4:12-13), = and began=20 to preach the gospel.

This was after John was put into prison (Mark 1:14-15). Luke tells us = further:

The First Passover of Jesus' Ministry

Jesus had already begun healing the sick miraculously, and casting = out=20 demons. He established a reputation with His preaching and miracles = throughout=20 the region of Galilee. At the Passover, that year, 27 A.D., He went up = to=20 Jerusalem. John records:

At Jerusalem, Jesus found the temple of God polluted by those who = sold doves=20 and oxen and sheep for sacrifices, and a host of moneychangers. Angered, = He made=20 a scourge of small cords, and drove out all the animals and their = sellers, and=20 overthrew the tables of the moneychangers (John 2:14-17). This first = Passover=20 would have been in the spring of 27 A.D., shortly after His ministry got = started.

At this Passover, Jesus was asked, "What sign shewest thou unto us, = seeing=20 that thou doest these things?" (John 2:18). Jesus answered: "Destroy = this=20 temple, and in three days I will raise it up" (v.19). What did Jesus = mean?=20 First, we know He was literally in the grave for three days. However, = using a=20 "day" for a "year" principle, He also implied that three years from that = time,=20 or three Passovers hence, He would be killed, and resurrected! "Three = years"! In=20 other words, this statement is further proof that Jesus' ministry lasted = exactly=20 three years!

Notice what follows: "Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was = this temple=20 in building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days? But he spake of the = temple=20 of his body" (John 2:20-21).

The Temple of Herod

When did Herod begin construction on the Temple? This statement was = made at=20 Passover 27 A.D. If we subtract the 46 years the Temple was in building, = 46-27 =3D=20 19 B.C.; but since there is no year zero, we must add "1" year, bringing = us to=20 20 B.C. Did Herod begin his massive reconstruction project on the Temple = in 20=20 B.C.? Does this fit in with history?

Says The NIV Harmony of the Gospels, "According to = secular=20 history, Herod initiated the work sometime in 20 B.C. or 19 B.C. This = statement=20 was addressed to Jesus at the first passover after he begins his public=20 ministry. The 'forty six years' therefore furnishes another means for=20 identifying the year when his ministry began" (p.317). The authors = continue,=20 "Hence the first passover of Jesus' ministry must have been in the = spring of=20 A.D. 27" (ibid.). Schurer in A History of the Jewish = People=20 in the Time of Christ adds, "The rebuilding was begun in the = eighteenth=20 year of Herod, corresponding to B.C. 20-19 . . ." (vol.1, p.438).

The Unger's Bible Dictionary concurs, saying, ". . . = though=20 Herod began the rebuilding B.C. 20, as a whole it was literally true = that the=20 temple was 'built in forty and six years,' when the Jews so asserted to = Jesus=20 (John 2:20). But the end was not yet, for the work was really continued = until=20 A.D. 64, just six years before the final destruction of the temple by = the Roman=20 soldiers of Titus" ("Herod," p.471). Peloubet's Bible = Dictionary=20 adds, "The restoration was begun B.C. 20, and the temple itself was = completed in=20 a year and a half" ("Herod," p.252).

Counting 46 years, then, from 20 B.C., brings us to 26 A.D. by simple = subtraction. But, since there was no year zero, we again must add a year = --=20 bringing us to A.D. 27 -- the very year Jesus Christ began His ministry, = and=20 celebrated the first Passover of His ministry!

Public Announcement at Pentecost

Luke tells us further: "And He came to Nazareth, where he had been = brought=20 up: and as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the SABBATH = DAY, and=20 stood up for to read" (Luke 4:14-16).

The Greek word for "sabbath" here is actually the plural sabbaton, = and=20 literally means "sabbaths" or "weeks." This was the "day of weeks," or = most=20 likely the Feast of Shavuot, or Pentecost! Thus we see that Christ began = His=20 ministry in the spring of the year, in 27 A.D. As He addressed the = worshippers=20 in the synagogue, we read in Luke's account:

His own hometown folks didn't believe in Him. He replied to them, "Ye = will=20 surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we = have=20 heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country . . . No prophet is = accepted in his own country" (v.24).

The Second, Third and Fourth Passovers of Jesus' Ministry=20

The second Passover of Jesus' ministry is mentioned at the end of the = second=20 chapter of John's gospel. By this Passover Feast, Jesus had already = developed a=20 well-established reputation as a doer of miracles and wondrous deeds. = The brief=20 account is as follows:

The third Passover of Jesus' ministry is mentioned several chapters = later in=20 the gospel account of John. This would be the Passover of 29 A.D.. John=20 declares:

The final and fourth Passover was the Passover of 30 A.D., at which = Jesus was=20 crucified. This is the Passover which culminated Christ's ministry, = showing that=20 His ministry lasted a period of three years. We read of the events of = this=20 Passover, beginning in chapter 11 of the book of John:

Jesus' ministry began about Passover time, in 27 A.D., and ended, = then, at=20 Passover, 30 A.D., with His being slain and killed as our Passover lamb, = as the=20 apostle Paul wrote: "Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be = a new=20 lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed = for us:=20 Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the = leaven of=20 malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and = truth" (I=20 Cor.5:7-8).

This evidence proves that Jesus' ministry was not just one and one = half=20 years, or two and one half years, or three and one half years, in = length. All=20 the evidence shows that Christ's ministry was THREE YEARS IN LENGTH!=20 Interestingly, "three" is God's number of "decision," the number of = "finality."=20 It is "God's number." Time and time again, the number "3" appears in = Scripture,=20 and is connected with "God" in a very special way.

The number "three" is the number of finality, and of decision. Peter = denied=20 Christ three times (Luke 22:34, 61). Later Jesus asked him three times, = "Do you=20 love me?" (John 21:15-17), and told him three times, "Feed my sheep." = Paul=20 besought God three times to heal him of a thorn in the flesh (II = Cor.12:8-9).=20 Jesus was three days and three nights in the grave (Matt.12:40). His = ministry=20 lasted three years, and He spent three years "teaching" the disciples. = Later,=20 Paul, as an apostle, said he also saw Christ and was taught by him: "And = last of=20 all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time" (I = Cor.15:8). He=20 also was taught of Christ "three years" -- in the wilderness of Arabia = (see=20 Gal.1:15-18). Thus the number "three" is very significant with God. It = is=20 clearly the correct length of Christ's ministry. Jesus began preaching = in spring=20 of 27 A.D. and was crucified in spring of 30 A.D. -- three years later. =

It is only fitting, therefore, that Christ's ministry would be = "three" years=20 long! This fits perfectly like a piece of a jigsaw puzzle, into the = Biblical=20 picture.

Some say He was crucified in 31 A.D. However, this would make His = ministry=20 four years in length. Furthermore, it would destroy the relationship = between the=20 year of His crucifixion and the year of the destruction of the Temple, = in 70=20 A.D.

It is significant that there were exactly forty years from the death = of=20 Christ in A.D. 30 till the conquest and overthrow of Jerusalem by the = Romans=20 under Titus and Vespacian in 70 A.D.! "Forty" is God's perfect number = denoting=20 "trials" and "trouble" and "tribulation." Jesus was tried and tested of = the=20 devil while fasting 40 days (Matt.4:1-2; Luke 4:1-2). Israel wandered in = the=20 wilderness for forty years (Num.14:34). And there were 40 years from the = death=20 of Christ till the fall of Jerusalem, which He Himself prophesied=20 (Matt.23:36-38; Luke 23:28-31). "Forty" is the number of divine = JUDGEMENT!

Therefore, when all the evidence is pieced together carefully, we = come up=20 with the following picture. Notice!

The Incredible Events of A.D. 30

The year 30 A.D. was truly a significant year. It was the year the = Son of God=20 died, paying the price for our sins! Is there evidence, outside of the = Bible,=20 that indeed A.D. 30 was the year the Christ, the Son of the Most High = God,=20 literally DIED and was PUT TO DEATH by wicked, conspiring men?

The astounding answer is, yes indeed -- there is shocking, incredible = evidence that 30 A.D. was a year of astounding infamy and miraculous=20 occurrences! According to Jewish history, preserved in the = Talmud,=20 there were four miraculous signs which all occurred in 30 A.D. These = signs did=20 not occur in 31 A.D., or in 33 A.D., or 29 A.D. or any other year. These = signs=20 also point to something very unusual occurring in A.D. 30 which earned = the wrath=20 and anger of God upon the Jewish nation of that time.

In the gospel accounts dealing with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, = we find=20 that some weird, bizarre, and strange events occurred, connected with = the event=20 of the crucifixion.

In the book of Matthew we read: "Now from the sixth hour there was = darkness=20 over all the land unto the ninth hour. . . . Jesus, when he had cried = again with=20 a loud voice, yielded up the spirit. And, behold, the veil of the temple = was=20 torn in two from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the = rocks=20 were split; and the graves were opened, and many bodies of the saints = that slept=20 were raised, and came out of the graves after his resurrection, and into = the=20 holy city, and appeared unto many. Now, when the centurion, and they = that were=20 with him watching Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were = done,=20 they feared greatly, saying, Truly this was the Son of God" (Matthew = 27:45-54).=20

Let me interject here that the "bodies of the saints that slept" that = arose,=20 following this earthquake which accompanied the death of Christ were the = bodies=20 of believers or saints who had recently died. This is not talking about = Old=20 Testament saints, patriarchs and prophets, but simply men and women who = had=20 recently died, and who were resurrected back to normal, physical life. =

Alfred Edersheim describes the events which occurred when Christ died = on the=20 cross. Writes Edersheim in The Life and Times of Jesus the=20 Messiah,

The Temple was destroyed by Titus in 70 A.D. Forty years before that = date=20 would be 30 A.D. -- the year of the crucifixion! But that is not all: = Says=20 Josephus, in his Wars of the Jews:

In early writings of the church fathers, Jerome in a letter to=20 Hedibia relates that the huge lintel of the Temple was broken = and=20 splintered and fell. He connects this with the rending of the Veil. Says = Edersheim, "it would seem an obvious inference to connect again this = breaking of=20 the lintel with an earthquake" (p.610, op. cit.). The = lintel was=20 an enormous stone, being at least 30 feet long and weighing some 30 = tons!

The Temple Veils were 60 feet long, 30 feet wide, and the thickness = of the=20 palm of a man's hand, wrought in 72 squares. They were so heavy that we = are told=20 300 priests were needed to manipulate each one. The Veil being rent from = top to=20 bottom was such a terrible portent because it indicated that God's Own = Hand had=20 torn it in two, His Presence thus deserting and leaving that Holy Place. =

Sanhedrin Judged and Banished

This same year, 30 A.D., the Sanhedrin had to abandon the Chamber of = Hewn=20 Stones, near the Holy Place in the Temple, which was its official seat = or=20 location. This was about 40 yards southeast of the entrance to the Holy = Place.=20 In 30 A.D. the Sanhedrin had to move to another location, called "The = Trading=20 Place," farther to the east and a much less significant spot. To be = forced to=20 move from a beautiful, gorgeous, awesome location in the Temple to a = spot much=20 less beautiful, esteemed, and reverential, must have seemed a terrible = "put=20 down." Says the Talmud:

Forty years before the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D. is 30 = A.D. -- the=20 very year of the crucifixion of the Messiah! Why was the Sanhedrin moved = in the=20 very year Jesus was crucified? Could it have been forced to do so = because of=20 damage caused by the earthquake associated with the crucifixion of = Jesus? Was it=20 direct punishment for their complicity in handing Jesus over to the = Romans and=20 condemning Him to death? Was this evidence of God's official displeasure = with=20 their actions?

Prior to the War with Rome, Josephus tells us, the Sanhedrin had to = move once=20 again. This time they moved to an area outside the Temple complex, in an = ordinary part of Jerusalem -- actually a place west of the Temple near a = building called the Xystus (see Josephus' Wars of the = Jews, V,4,=20 2). What a demotion and humbling!

The smug, self-righteous members of the Sanhedrin of that time would = not have=20 made such a humiliating move -- voluntarily! It had to be forced upon = them by=20 circumstance. There is no record of the Roman government compelling such = a move=20 -- they stayed out of Jewish religious life. Nor would Herod the king = have been=20 responsible -- to offend the entire Sanhedrin would have been a = disastrous=20 political mistake. Only a "natural cause" or "Supernatural" cause which = men=20 could not remedy would cause such a humiliating and abhorrent move on = the part=20 of the Sanhedrin members.

Was the Sanhedrin rebuked by God in 30 A.D., and forced to "relocate" = to a=20 much lesser station and position than that which they had previously = held at the=20 Temple itself? Was this due to the vicious, unprecedented "kangaroo" = trial and=20 phony "judgment" they had perpetrated upon Yeshua the Son of God?

Writes Rabbi Leibel Reznick of this traumatic event, in The = Holy Temple=20 Revisited:

Notice! The year the Sanhedrin was moved, 30 A.D., the year Christ = was=20 crucified, was also the year they CEASED to judge capital offenses! To = humble=20 them, they were reduced to meeting at a "shopping mall" where regular = "commerce"=20 and business of "trade" was conducted! Their authority was no more = important,=20 now, than mere buying and selling merchandise! Surely this constituted a = withering and scathing rebuke from God Himself who was displeased with = their=20 treatment of and jealous rage against His own Son!

Writes Craig Blomberg of this event:

It was the very year of the crucifixion that the Jews were denied the = right=20 to perform capital punishment by the Romans. It was this very year when = the=20 Sanhedrin was forcibly removed from the Temple Mount!

When the members of the Jewish Supreme Court brought Jesus to Pilate, = he told=20 them, "Take him and judge him according to your law." But they replied, = "It is=20 not lawful for us to put any man to death" (John 18:31). Yet they = connived and=20 pressured Pilate and stirred up the crowd to demand the crucifixion of = Christ=20 the Messiah, the Anointed One of God (John 18:32-40; 19:1-16). God = seriously=20 punished them for their disregard of His Son. But that punishment was = only the=20 beginning of His warnings of further judgment to come!

Talmudic Evidence of Christ and A.D. 30

In the centuries following the destruction of the Temple in = Jerusalem, the=20 Jewish people began writing two versions of Jewish thought, religious = history=20 and commentary. One was written in Palestine and became known as the=20 Jerusalem Talmud. The other was written in Babylon and was = known=20 as the Babylonian Talmud.

We read in the Jerusalem Talmud:

A similar passage in the Babylonian Talmud states:

What is this talking about? Since both Talmuds recount the same = information,=20 this indicates the knowledge of these events was accepted by the = widespread=20 Jewish community.

The Miracle of the "Lot"

The first of these miracles, the "lot" which was cast on the Day of = Atonement=20 to determine which of two goats would be "for the Lord" and which goat = would be=20 the "Azazel" or "scapegoat," has fascinating significance. During the = two=20 hundred years before 30 A.D., when the High Priest picked one of the = stones, the=20 random selection was governed by the laws of chance, and each year he = would=20 select a black stone as often as a white stone. But for forty years in a = row,=20 beginning in 30 A.D., the High Priest picked the black stone! The "odds" = against=20 this happening are astronomical (2 to the 40th power). In other words, = the=20 chances of this occurring are 1 in approximately 5,479,548,800 -- or = about 5.48=20 billion to one! Your chances would be much better at winning the = "Lottery"!

The lot for Azazel -- the black stone -- contrary to all the laws of = chance,=20 came up 40 times in a row from 30 to 70 A.D.! This was considered a dire = event.=20 This foreboded supernatural evil for the entire Jewish community. The = "Azazel"=20 goat represented Satan the devil! (See my articles, Who is = Azazel?=20 and New Insight on the Day of Atonement).

The Miracle of the Red Strip

The second miracle was of the crimson strip or cloth tied to the = Azazel goat,=20 which up until 30 A.D. had always turned white, remaining crimson. This=20 undoubtedly caused much stir and consternation among the Jews, because = it showed=20 the sins of the people which had been confessed over the Azazel goat,=20 represented by the red color of blood, were still crimson -- that is, = they had=20 not been pardoned and "made white." As God told Israel through Isaiah = the=20 prophet, "Come, let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins = be as=20 scarlet [crimson], they shall be white as snow; though they be red like = crimson,=20 they shall be as [white] wool" (Isaiah 1:18).

Beginning in 30 A.D., the red strip placed on the Azazel goat, = symbolizing=20 the sins of the people, did not turn white, for forty years, till the=20 destruction of the Temple itself! The clear indication is that the whole = community was guilty of some great "sin" in 30 A.D., for which they were = not=20 pardoned, and their collective guilt remained for every year till 70 = A.D.

Concerning the crimson strip, for the previous two hundred years, = since the=20 time of Simon the Righteous, this ceremony, though not mentioned in the=20 Scriptures, was associated with the day of Atonement. During the 40 = years he was=20 High Priest, a crimson thread which he had associated with his person = always=20 turned white when he entered the Holy of Holies. The people noticed = this. Also,=20 it was noticed that "the lot of the LORD" -- the white lot -- came up = for 40=20 straight years during his priesthood. The Jews began to believe that = these signs=20 showed God's pleasure or ill favour. They noticed that the "lot" picked = by the=20 priests after Simon would sometimes be black, and sometimes white, and = that the=20 crimson thread would sometimes turn white, and sometimes not. The Jews = came to=20 believe that if the crimson thread turned white, that God approved of = the Day of=20 Atonement rituals and that Israel could be assured that God forgave = their sins.=20 But after 30 A.D., the crimson thread never turned white again for 40 = years,=20 till the destruction of the Temple and the cessation of all Temple = rituals!

What did the Jewish nation do in 30 A.D. to merit such guilt? On = April 5, 30=20 A.D., Jesus Christ was crucified on the 14th of Nisan, the day of the = Passover=20 sacrifice. A completely innocent man -- the Messiah -- was put to death = by His=20 enemies, though no fault was found in Him!

The Miracle of the Temple Doors

The next miracle, which the Jewish authorities acknowledged, was that = the=20 Temple doors swung open every night of their own accord for forty years, = beginning in 30 A.D. The leading Jewish authority of that time, Yohanan = ben=20 Zakkai, declared that this was a sign of impending doom, that the Temple = itself=20 would be destroyed. Says the Jerusalem Talmud:

Yohanan ben Zakkai was the leader of the Jewish community during the = time=20 following the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D., when the Jewish = government=20 was transferred to Jamnia, some thirty miles west of Jerusalem.

The Miracle of the Temple Menorah

The fourth miracle was that the most important lamp of the seven = candle-stick=20 Menorah in the Temple went out, and would not shine. Every night for 40 = years --=20 or over 12,500 nights in a row -- the main lamp of the Temple lampstand = went out=20 of its own accord -- no matter what attempts and precautions the priests = took to=20 safeguard against this event!

Earnest Martin states in a recent research paper published by him: =

Again, the odds against this happening are astronomical. Something=20 supernatural was going on. God had cursed the "light" Menorah, = representing=20 contact with Him, and His Spirit, and removed His Presence in a special = way=20 after the crucifixion of His only begotten Son, Yeshua the Messiah!

It should be clear to any reasonable mind that there is no natural = way to=20 explain all these four signs connected with the year 30 A.D. The only = possible=20 explanation has to be supernatural.

God Almighty intervened, to show the Jewish nation His utmost = displeasure=20 with their actions and particularly with what they had done to His Son! =

After 30 A.D., and the death of the Messiah, great trouble and = awesome trials=20 began to come upon the Jewish nation. Jesus Himself foretold it. As He = was led=20 away to be crucified, Jesus warned the women of Jerusalem,

When we take an objective look at the events of 30 A.D., who can = doubt that=20 it was indeed the true year of the crucifixion and resurrection of the = true=20 Messiah God sent to Israel? Who can deny that Yeshua of Nazareth is the = one and=20 only true Messiah?

Who else has fulfilled all the prophecies of the Old Testament -- = including=20 the amazing prophecy of Daniel 9 and the "70 weeks" -- coming at the = very year=20 predicted for the Messiah to appear?

Isn't it about time, after denying He is the Messiah for the past = 2,000=20 years, that the Jewish people, and rabbis, in particular, as well as all = "professing Christians," take another look at this prophesied "Messiah," = and the=20 merits of His claim to the Messiahship?

Like Pieces of a Divine Puzzle

All the evidence points to Christ's crucifixion as being on = Wednesday, April=20 5, in A.D. 30.

All the Biblical evidence, and secular evidence from history, = pinpoint the=20 beginning of His ministry, the length of His ministry, the day of the = week of=20 His death, and the year of His death.

When all this evidence is weighed in the balances, who can seriously = deny=20 that Jesus Christ -- Yeshua Ha Moshiach -- is the Messiah of Israel, the = Redeemer and Saviour of mankind?

Isaiah the prophet, 800 years before His coming, perfectly and = beautifully=20 prophesied:

Isaiah could not have described Jesus Christ, and His life, mission = and=20 purpose, more accurately, if he had been there himself, at Jesus' side, = as an=20 eye-witness to His life and ministry! The apostle Peter, who was = literally an=20 eye-witness of Christ's ministry, and sufferings, wrote of Him as well: =

Isn't it about time we looked to Christ, studied His life, and His = death, and=20 came to know, and appreciate the One who did so much for us? Truly, all = mankind=20 has gone astray. All have turned to their own way. Isn't it about time = we turn=20 back to God?

Isn't it about time we really "get to know" our Saviour and Redeemer, = the=20 Messiah of Israel -- Jesus Christ of Nazareth?

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