From: Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Untitled_Docum?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?ent?= Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2004 19:05:57 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_01EE_01C3FFC0.3A1ABB60"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.3314.1001 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_01EE_01C3FFC0.3A1ABB60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: =?iso-8859-1?B?aHR0cDovL21lbWJlcnM=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?LmFvbC5jb20vQXR0aWM=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?MjEvQ3JlYXR1cmVvZkQ=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?YXkvYm9tYi5odG1s?= Untitled Document

Bombadier Beetle
Stenaptinus = insignis=20 & relatives

What Kind of Animal is It?

The bombadier beetle is an Invertebrate animal (it has no backbone). = Its=20 phylum is the Arthropoda, a group with an external skeleton = (exoskeleton) made=20 of a hard substance called chitin. The external skeleton allows these = animals to=20 have joints and gives them a much greater range of motion than is found = in=20 simpler organisms (compare an earthworm with a butterfly). Arthropods = can swim,=20 crawl, run, jump and fly.

Bombadier beetles are in the Insect class because they have antennae, = 3 pairs=20 of legs and a body divided into a head, thorax and abdomen. Within the = insects,=20 they are in the order Coleoptera, the beetles. In the beetles the = forewings=20 (called elytra) are hard and form a protective cover for the posterior = wings. It=20 is estimated that there are more than 300,000 kinds of beetles, by far = the=20 largest order of the insects.

What is its Lifestyle?

Bombadiers are carabid beetles, adapted for running rapidly along the = ground=20 or up trees. They feed mostly on other insects and must avoid being = eaten=20 themselves.

Like many insects beetles have a comlex reproduction, involving = several=20 developmental stages and metamorphosis from a larval stage to an adult=20 forms.

Chemical Warfare in the Bombadier=20 Beetles

The most notable thing about bombadier beetles is that they engage in = chemical warfare in a spectacular way, spraying a hot caustic liquid = when=20 disturbed. The chemical reactions have been studied in detail and are = fairly=20 well understood:

 

 At Rest:

  • The bombadier beetle secretes 2 highly reactive substances = from 2=20 different glands into a reservoir:=20
    • Hydrogen peroxide: you can buy this in a drugstore for = sterilizing=20 cuts. There is a difference: the bombadier stores it at a 10X = higher=20 concentration than the drugstore variety. At this = concentration it=20 would produce a nasty burn if you pit it on your skin=20
    • Hydroquinone: you can buy this at a photography store. It = is a=20 powerful reducing agent, sometimes used in film developers =
  • These 2 chemicals are stored in the same reservoir. They do = not=20 explode because they react slowly under these conditions=20
  • A second chamber has the enzymes that can accelerrate the = reaction=20 to a rapid rate, but a ring of muscle (sphincter) keeps the = reactants=20 from mixing with the enzyme

 When Excited:

  • If the beetle is excited the sphincter relaxes and opens=20
  • Muscles around the starage chamber contract, forcing the = reactants=20 out, into the enzyme chamber=20
  • This allows the reactants to contact the enzymes=20
  • The reaction accelerates explosively=20
    • Solution is heated above the boiling point of water=20
    • The hydroquinone is converted to toxic benzoquinone=20
    • Heat causes pressure to build up within the chamber =
  • The high pressure causes the hot, toxic liquid to spray from = two=20 jets=20
  • The bombadier has muscles with which to aim the jets toward = his=20 enemy
 

When biologists see a mechanism like this, the first question is: how = does it=20 work. The second question is likely to be: how did it come about = (evolve)? We=20 have answered the first question fairly well, but the second is much = more=20 difficult.

This is certainly a complex defensive = mechanism,=20 one that you probably would not expect to find in nature. To biologist = Michael=20 Behe mechanisms of this sort are examples of "irreducible complexity", = that is=20 they are so complicated that they could not have evolved. He beleives = that they=20 are evidence of intelligent design (creation) in nature. However, he = admits that=20 there are many possible "evolutionary intermediates" seen in other = beetles who=20 have only part of the bombadier's elaborate defense mechanism. For = example:

This leads most biologists to beleive that the elaborate bombadier = defense=20 mechanism could have evolved step-by-step over a period of time. Somehow = it is=20 not very satisfactory to explain every tough biological puzzle by = saying, "and=20 then a miracle occured".

Some Things to Think About

More Information

For those of you who like to argue, here are 2 websites with quite = different=20 ideas on how the bombadier beetle got here:

Back to Homepage

Back= to=20 Creatures Index

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