From: Subject: The Genetic Code (5' -> 3') Date: Thu, 15 Apr 2004 12:45:49 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C422E7.94B07AC0"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C422E7.94B07AC0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://psyche.uthct.edu/shaun/SBlack/geneticd.html The Genetic Code (5' -> 3')

The Genetic Code       =

Second Position of = Codon
T C A G
F
i
r
s
t

P
o
s
i
t
io
n		 T
TTT Phe [F]
TTC Phe [F]
TTA Leu [L]
TTG Leu [L]
TCT Ser [S]
TCC Ser [S]
TCA Ser [S]
TCG Ser [S]
TAT Tyr [Y]
TAC Tyr [Y]
TAA Ter [end]
TAG Ter [end]
TGT Cys [C]
TGC Cys [C]
TGA Ter [end]
TGG Trp [W]
T
C
A
G
 T
h
i
r
d

P
o
s
i
t
io
n
C
CTT Leu [L]
CTC Leu [L]
CTA Leu [L]
CTG Leu [L]
CCT Pro [P]
CCC Pro [P]
CCA Pro [P]
CCG Pro [P]
CAT His [H]
CAC His [H]
CAA Gln [Q]
CAG Gln [Q]
CGT Arg [R]
CGC Arg [R]
CGA Arg [R]
CGG Arg [R]
T
C
A
G
A
ATT Ile [I]
ATC Ile [I]
ATA Ile [I]
ATG Met [M]
ACT Thr [T]
ACC Thr [T]
ACA Thr [T]
ACG Thr [T]
AAT Asn [N]
AAC Asn [N]
AAA Lys [K]
AAG Lys [K]
AGT Ser [S]
AGC Ser [S]
AGA Arg [R]
AGG Arg [R]
T
C
A
G
G
GTT Val [V]
GTC Val [V]
GTA Val [V]
GTG Val [V]
GCT Ala [A]
GCC Ala [A]
GCA Ala [A]
GCG Ala [A]
GAT Asp [D]
GAC Asp [D]
GAA Glu [E]
GAG Glu [E]
GGT Gly [G]
GGC Gly [G]
GGA Gly [G]
GGG Gly [G]
 =
T
C
A
G
=

An explanation of the Genetic Code: DNA is a two-stranded = molecule.=20 Each strand is a polynucleotide composed of A (adenosine), = T=20 (thymidine), C (cytidine), and G (guanosine) residues = polymerized=20 by "dehydration" synthesis in linear chains with specific sequences. = Each strand=20 has polarity, such that the 5'-hydroxyl (or 5'-phospho) group of the = first=20 nucleotide begins the strand and the 3'-hydroxyl group of the final = nucleotide=20 ends the strand; accordingly, we say that this strand runs 5' to 3' = ("Five=20 prime to three prime") . It is also essential to know that the two = strands=20 of DNA run antiparallel such that one strand runs 5' -> 3' = while the=20 other one runs 3' -> 5'. At each nucleotide residue along the = double-stranded=20 DNA molecule, the nucleotides are complementary. That is, A forms = two=20 hydrogen-bonds with T; C forms three hydrogen bonds with = G.=20 In most cases the two-stranded, antiparallel, complementary DNA molecule = folds=20 to form a helical structure which resembles a spiral staircase. This is = the=20 reason why DNA has been referred to as the "Double Helix".

One strand of DNA holds the information that codes for various genes; = this=20 strand is often called the template strand or antisense strand = (containing=20 anticodons). The other, and complementary, strand is called the coding = strand or=20 sense strand (containing codons). Since mRNA is made from the template = strand,=20 it has the same information as the coding strand. The table above refers = to=20 triplet nucleotide codons along the sequence of the coding or sense = strand of=20 DNA as it runs 5' -> 3'; the code for the mRNA would be identical but = for the=20 fact that RNA contains U (uridine) rather than T.=20

An example of two complementary strands of DNA would be:

          (5' -> = 3')=20 ATGGAATTCTCGCTC      (Coding, sense=20 strand)
          (3= ' <-=20 5') TACCTTAAGAGCGAG      (Template, = antisense=20 strand)

          (5' -> = 3')=20 AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC      (mRNA made from = Template=20 strand)

Since amino acid residues of proteins are specified as triplet = codons, the=20 protein sequence made from the above example would be = Met-Glu-Phe-Ser-Leu...=20 (MEFSL...).=20

Practically, codons are "decoded" by transfer RNAs (tRNA) which = interact with=20 a ribosome-bound messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the coding sequence. = There are=20 64 different tRNAs, each of which has an anticodon loop (used to = recognize=20 codons in the mRNA). 61 of these have a bound amino acyl residue; the=20 appropriate "charged" tRNA binds to the respective next codon in the = mRNA and=20 the ribosome catalyzes the transfer of the amino acid from the tRNA to = the=20 growing (nascent) protein/polypeptide chain. The remaining 3 codons are = used for=20 "punctuation"; that is, they signal the termination (the end) of the = growing=20 polypeptide chain.

Lastly, the Genetic Code in the table above has also been called "The = Universal Genetic Code". It is known as "universal", because it is used = by all=20 known organisms as a code for DNA, mRNA, and tRNA. The universality of = the=20 genetic code encompases animals (including humans), plants, fungi, = archaea,=20 bacteria, and viruses. However, all rules have their exceptions, and = such is the=20 case with the Genetic Code; small variations in the code exist in = mitochondria=20 and certain microbes. Nonetheless, it should be emphasized that these = variances=20 represent only a small fraction of known cases, and that the Genetic = Code=20 applies quite broadly, certainly to all known nuclear genes.

Suggestions for additions or changes can be sent to Dr. Shaun D.=20 Black 3D""

Last update August 25, 1998=20

Shaun D.=20 Black, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler =

accesses since September 12, 1996.

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