Chapter 2: ...And Then Came Assumptions

Many college science professors never tell their = students=20 that the evolutionary model of one cell to man is based on = assumptions.=20 What is an assumption? It is something taken for granted and = supposed to=20 be true.^[1] As a=20 six-day creationist, I believe God created the universe and = everything=20 in it fully mature (with the appearance of age). I cannot prove = this=20 with scientific experiments so this belief is called an = assumption. I=20 suppose it to be true. Evolutionists likewise have assumptions. = They=20 take many necessary steps for granted in the molecules-to-man = model. In=20 other words, evolutionists assume that non-living chemicals gave = rise to=20 that first living cell which, in turn, evolved into ever and = ever more=20 complex forms of life. There are no scientific experiments to = prove=20 the molecules-to-man scenario.

Writing as an = evolutionist, G. A.=20 Kerkut lists the major assumptions of evolution. These are the = basic=20 theories an evolutionist =93takes for granted=94 or = =93supposes=94 to be=20 true. All of the =93molecules-to-man science=94 is built upon = these=20 assumptions, but you rarely, if ever, see them listed in a high = school=20 or college textbook.

There are seven = basic=20 assumptions that are often not mentioned during discussions of=20 evolution. Many evolutionists ignore the first six assumptions = and only=20 consider the seventh. The assumptions are as follows:

1. The first assumption is that = non-living=20 things gave rise to living material, i.e., spontaneous = generation=20 occurred.

3. The third assumption is that = viruses,=20 bacteria, plants and animals are all related.=20

4. The fourth assumption is that = protozoa=20 (single-celled life forms) gave rise to metazoa (multiple-celled = life=20 forms).

5. The fifth assumption is that = various=20 invertebrate phyla are interrelated. =

6. The sixth assumption is that = the=20 invertebrates gave rise to the vertebrates.

7. The seventh assumption is = that within=20 the vertebrates the fish gave rise to amphibia, the amphibia to = reptiles=20 and the reptiles to birds and mammals.^[2]=20

What Dr. Kerkut has = listed as=20 =93assumptions=94 is the whole of evolutionary teaching. In = other words,=20 there is no factual (experimentally testable and = reproducible)=20 science which supports evolution. The process of moving from = non-living=20 things to the first living, reproducing cell to man and giant = Redwood=20 trees is all an assumption.

Dr. Kerkut clearly states the evolutionary = assumption that=20 all life is related to that first cell. However, through the use = of=20 phase-electron microscopes scientists have discovered that there = are=20 consistent differences in cellular substance in various kinds of = animals. When studied microscopically, the living things of the=20 evolutionary tree do not appear to be related to each other at = all. I=20 Corinthians 15:39 records: "All=20 flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of = men,=20 another flesh of beasts, another flesh of fishes, and another of = birds." This was written 1900 years before scientists = "discovered"=20 the differences in the basic cellular components of the various = kinds of=20 living creatures. God created life and inspired His apostles and = prophets to record details of His creation, which scientists are = just=20 beginning to discover. God says there are different types of = flesh in=20 the bodies of His earthly creatures. But there are also = different types=20 of heavenly bodies -- the stars are different from each other = and not=20 the same as the moon (I Cor. 15:41). Astronomers estimate there = may be=20 one trillion-trillion stars. The best English dictionaries have = less=20 than 800,000 words. Yet, the God of the Bible has a name and a = number=20 for each star, "...He = calleth=20 them all by names..."! (Isaiah 40:26) God is infinite in His = power=20 and wisdom.

From the biggest star to the smallest atom, the = magnitude=20 and complexity of the universe is unexplainable, except in terms = of a=20 creative designer who is infinitely above any "chance processes" = or=20 human technology.

Many scientists assume life came from non-living = chemicals^[3] and=20 that this only happened once. They say that everything we see = alive,=20 whether plant or animal, came from that first, primordial, = single cell.=20 Most evolutionists do not believe that one kind of life began in = the=20 Amazon and another in Africa and another in Arizona. They = believe=20 non-life gave birth to life in one cell that became the ancestor = of the=20 entire plant and animal kingdoms.

Why do scientists such as = Dr. Kerkut=20 assume this startling event happened only once? Because the = chances of=20 life evolving from non-life are so astronomically high as to be=20 impossible without an intelligent designer. Dr.=20 Henry Morris and Dr. Gary Parker of the Institute for Creation = Research=20 have recorded the probability of the chance origin of life in = their=20 revised book, What is Creation Science? (pp. 269-276). If = all the=20 universe was crammed with electron particles, the maximum number = of=20 particles would be ten to the power of 130. If each particle = could do=20 one hundred billion-billion events (steps in ever onward and = upward=20 evolution) every second for 3,000 billion years (100 times older = than=20 anyone says the universe is), then in the span of history of the = universe 10 to the one-hundred seventieth power events could = possibly=20 happen. But to get a series of even 1,500 events to happen in = order [and=20 without God's help] (events that might be moving from non-living = chemicals to a living cell), there is only one chance in ten to = the=20 power of 450! This means that the probability of evolution even = getting=20 started is zero. There aren't enough electrons in the universe = to, by=20 chance, generate a single living cell of a single evolutionary=20 scientist. And yet, these scientists who do not believe in God = are here.=20 How did they get here? Without belief in God, the only option = these=20 people have is the evolution of non-living chemicals over eons = of time=20 into a living cell and ultimately into man.

=20 For nearly 150 years some of = the most=20 brilliant scientists in the world have attempted to convert = non-living=20 chemicals into some form of reproducible life. No one has done=20 it.

A single reproducible cell is = far from=20 simple. Dr. Leon Long, of the Department of Geological Sciences = at the=20 University of Texas at Austin, writes as an evolutionist:=20

"Among the first = organisms=20 were the lowly bacteria and blue-green algae. They are about as = simple=20 as a self-sufficient cell can be, which is none too simple, = considering=20 that a bacterium can synthesize some 3,000 to 6,000 compounds at = a rate=20 of about 1 million reactions per second! Cells of bacteria and=20 blue-green algae contain just a single molecule of DNA, and they = lack=20 well-defined internal structures, such as a nucleus, = chromosomes, and=20 internal membranes." ^[4]=20

Is it any wonder scientists claim that life from = non-living chemicals only happened once? According to Dr. Long, = the=20 simplest forms of life can perform one million reactions per = second!=20 Something that complex obviously needs a designer, a = Creator.

Scientists do not talk very much about the = evolution of=20 the cell membrane. The membrane that provides the outside wall = (or skin)=20 of the cell is highly complex. This membrane permits specific=20 concentrations of certain chemicals and solutions into and out = of the=20 cell. If the concentrations of some of these chemicals vary by = even=20 1/100%, the cell will die. At a microscopic spot in the = universe, how=20 did those chemicals all get together in the correct = configurations and=20 concentrations and at the same instant? In addition, how = did the=20 cell membrane form around them at just the right moment = permitting only=20 specific concentrations of chemicals in and out of the cell = ("knowing",=20 of course, what those chemicals must and must not be)? And how = could all=20 of this somehow know how to reproduce itself and not die in the=20 process?

The God of the Bible said He created, created, created! His = creation=20 defies the speculations of the evolutionist. Creation = necessitates a=20 designer. It demands fully functional life from the beginning. = Biology=20 acknowledges this with its most well-proven law, the law of = Biogenesis:=20 Life generates life. If something is alive, it is alive because=20 something else alive produced it. The Bible tells us the living = God is=20 the Creator of life, and that statement agrees with what we see = in=20 biology. Life always comes from life.

And yet, evolutionary = chemists=20 construct laboratory experiments that attempt to display the = means by=20 which life began without God. Many of these experimenters = believe that=20 the atmosphere of primitive Earth was quite different than it is = today.=20 The atmosphere of the planet Jupiter is thought to resemble that = of=20 early Earth. Water vapor, hydrogen, ammonia and methane were the = supposed ingredients. In 1953, a chemist, Dr. Stanley Miller, = placed=20 these four ingredients into a glass jar which he heated and into = which=20 he sent sparks of electricity. He noticed a pink fluid coming = off into=20 his trap. This fluid contained some amino acids. Amino acids are = the=20 building blocks of proteins. Proteins are very much a part of = living=20 tissue, but they are not life. The Miller-type experiments do = not=20 display chemicals marching ever onward and upward until = reproducing life=20 is generated, yet evolution in this manner is assumed to have = happened.=20 As a matter of fact, there is no evidence in the rocks of Earth = or the=20 present oceans that water vapor, hydrogen, ammonia and methane = ever=20 existed in the concentrations necessary for Miller's experiments = to=20 accurately occur in nature.

The claim that chemical = evolution is=20 impossible, as presented in The Mystery of Life's Origin = ⁸, has yet = to be=20 refuted. Random chemical reactions do not produce life! Dr. = Stanley=20 Miller and his followers did not produce anything with raw = chemicals=20 that even approaches life. Dennis = Petersen in his=20 informative book, Unlocking the Mysteries of Creation, = quotes Dr.=20 Henry Morris who says it this way:

"Unknown = chemicals in the=20 primordial past...through...
Unknown = processes which no=20 longer exist...produced...
Unknown life forms = which are=20 not to be found...but could through...
Unknown=20 reproduction methods spawn new life...in an... =
Unknown=20 atmospheric composition..in an...
Unknown oceanic = soup=20 complex...at an...
Unknown time and=20 place." =

Prove any of these unknowns of evolution with=20 experimentally testable science and the Nobel Science prize will = be=20 yours!

Let us not forget--the = evolutionist=20 says there was no God, no higher power, no designer, no person = behind=20 the beginning of life. It was the impersonal (no person), plus = time,=20 plus chance (or, no one plus nothing equals everything!) So, = even if the=20 Stanley Miller experiments did prove chemical evolution is = possible,=20 which they did not do, you still have a personal designer = (Miller) making his creation. Does a personal = designer-scientist, doing=20 experiments in a carefully controlled laboratory, prove that the = creation of life occurred without any creator designer (no God) = in a=20 totally random-chance primordial ooze? Of course not. Our God is = worthy=20 to receive the honor and the glory and the praise because He = created all=20 things (Rev. 4:11). We can trust God and His Word, the Bible. = Nothing is=20 too difficult for Him (Jeremiah 32:17).....He is the God of the=20 impossible (Luke 1:37).

One of the greatest = scientists of the=20 space age, Dr. Werner von Braun stated:

"One cannot be = exposed to=20 the law and order of the universe without concluding that there = must be=20 design and purpose behind it all...The better we understand the=20 intricacies of the universe and all it harbors, the more reason = we have=20 found to marvel at the inherent design upon which it is = based...=20

To be forced to = believe only=20 one conclusion -- that everything in the universe happened by = chance --=20 would violate the very objectivity of science itself...What = random=20 process could produce the brains of man or the system of the = human eye?=20 They (evolutionists) challenge science to prove the existence of = God.=20 But must we really light a candle to see the sun?...they say = they cannot=20 visualize a designer. Well, can a physicist visualize an=20 electron?...What strange rationale makes some physicists accept = the=20 inconceivable electron as real while refusing to accept the = reality of a=20 Designer on the ground that they cannot conceive Him?..." = ^[5]=20

Ask any scientist if he believes in electrons. = He will=20 answer, "Certainly". Ask that same scientist if he or she has = ever seen=20 an electron, and they will say, "No". Scientists believe in = electrons by=20 faith as they observe the results of electron = activity.

Is this not similar to faith in God? We do not = see God,=20 but we do "see" Him through His handiwork, the creation. Romans = 1=20 explains that as we study the intricacies of the macro- and=20 micro-universes, we should think about who designed them, who = makes them=20 work, and who holds them together.

When scientists examine = the largest=20 stars and the smallest atoms and do not honor God as their = Creator and=20 give thanks to Him, they are reduced to foolish speculations = (Romans=20 1:18-23). Could the evolution of man from a single cell be a = foolish=20 speculation? Dr. Harrison Matthews, the writer of the = introduction to Darwin's Origin of Species by Means of = Natural=20 Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle = for=20 Life, states:

"The fact of = evolution is=20 the backbone of biology, and biology is thus in the peculiar = position of=20 being a science founded on an unproved theory -- is it then a = science or=20 a faith? Belief in the theory of evolution is thus exactly = parallel to=20 belief in special creation -- both are concepts which believers = know to=20 be true, but neither, up to the present, has been capable of=20 proof." ^[6]=20

Dr. Matthews, an evolutionist, says evolution = has no=20 scientific proof. It is a speculation of faith. Yet,=20 Dr. Ernst Mayr, professor emeritus of Harvard University, = writes:=20

"Since Darwin, = every=20 knowing person agrees man descended from the apes. Today, = there=20 is no such thing as the theory of evolution. It is the = fact of=20 evolution." ^[7]=20

Omni Magazine = promotes=20 evolution. Dr. Mayr presents godless evolution as fact, even = though the=20 Creator says in Romans 1 that all men know better: "For the wrath of God is = revealed=20 from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, = who hold=20 (suppress) the truth in unrighteousness; because that which may = be known=20 of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them = (Romans=20 1:18-19)." = Romans 1:22=20 adds: "Professing = themselves to=20 be wise, they became fools."

"Scientists who = go about=20 teaching that evolution is a fact of life are great con-men, and = the=20 story they are telling may be the greatest hoax ever. In = explaining=20 evolution, we do not have one iota of = fact." ^[8]=20

Isaac Asimov and Carl = Sagan have=20 presented evolution as no longer a theory, but a proven fact. = They have=20 done this without a single iota of fact. Evolutionist, D.M.S. Watson said it best: =

"Evolution = itself is=20 accepted by zoologists not because it has been observed to occur = or is=20 supported by logically coherent arguments, but because...no = alternative=20 explanation is credible.

Whilst the fact = of evolution=20 is accepted by every biologist, the mode in which it has = occurred and=20 the mechanism by which it has been brought about are still=20 disputable.

...the theory of = evolution=20 itself is a theory universally accepted not because it can be = proved by=20 logical coherent evidence to be true but because the only = alternative is=20 special creation, which is clearly incredible." ^[9]=20

"The heavens declare the glory of God; and the = firmament=20 sheweth His handiwork."

^[1]=20 Webster's Third New = International=20 Dictionary, p. 133, G. & C. Meriam Company, Publishers,=20 Springfield, Mass., U.S.A., = 1981.

^[2]=20 G. A. = Kerkut,=20 Implications of = Evolution=20 (New York: Pergamon Press, 1960), chapter 2 p. 6.=20

^[3] The = Mystery of=20 Life's Origin presents the scientific position that chemical = evolution is impossible. This book by Doctors of Chemistry has = not been=20 answered by the evolutionists. Non-living chemicals will not = ultimately=20 generate reproducing life. The chemistry does not work that way. = Charles Thaxton, Walter Bradley, Roger = Olsen, The Mystery of Life's = Origin:=20 Reassessing Current Theories (N.Y.: Philosophical Library, = Inc.,=20 1984).

^[4]=20 Leon = E. Long,=20 Geology (New York:=20 McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974), p.=20 172.

^[5]=20 Dennis R.=20 Petersen, Unlocking the = Mysteries=20 of Creation, Vol. 1 (El Cajon: Master Books, 1988), p. 63, = as quoted=20 from the Bible Science Newsletter, May, 1974,=20 p.8

^[6] L. = Harrison=20 Matthews, FRS, "Introduction," Charles Darwin, Origin of Species by Means = of=20 Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the = Struggle=20 for Life (London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1971), p. xi, as = quoted in The = Revised=20 Quote Book, ed. Andrew Snelling, Ph.D. (Institute for = Creation=20 Research, P.O. Box 2667, El Cajon, Calif. 92021), p. 2. For many = more=20 quotes that negate evolution from the literature of the = evolutionary=20 scientists, purchase The Quote=20 Book. The cost is around $4.00 and well worth=20 it.

^[7] Dr. Ernst = Mayr, Omni Magazine, = February, 1983,=20 p. 74.

^[8] Dr. T. N. = Tahmisian,=20 "The Fresno Bee", August 20, 1959, as quoted in The Revised = Quote=20 Book, p.=20 5.
=20

^[9] D.M.S. = Watson,=20 "Adaptation," Nature, August 10, 1929, Vol. 124, #3119, = pp.=20 231,233.

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