From: Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Christian_Evid?= =?iso-8859-1?Q?ences?= Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2003 14:07:22 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0022_01C367ED.8A5B1180"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.3314.1001 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0022_01C367ED.8A5B1180 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: =?iso-8859-1?B?aHR0cDovL3d3dy5ncm0=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?aS5vcmcvcmVuZXdhbC8=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?UmljaGFyZF9SaXNzL2U=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?dmlkZW5jZXMvM3RydXM=?= =?iso-8859-1?B?dC5odG1s?= Christian Evidences

Christian Evidences

Contents= - Richard's = Homepage - = Previous=20 - Next=20

THE HISTORICAL TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE BIBLE

The trustworthiness of the Bible's historical statements has been=20 corroborated again and again both through archaeological discoveries and = through=20 close correlation of the Bible's content with other independent ancient = sources.=20 A comprehensive study of this topic would be far beyond the scope of = these=20 lectures, but for the purpose of illustration, it will be possible to = examine=20 briefly the accuracy of Luke as a historian.=20

Luke, the friend and companion of Paul, is the author of the third = Gospel and=20 the Acts of the Apostles, which may be two parts of one continuous = historical=20 work.¹ Luke mentions three emperors by = name:=20 Augustus (Luke 2:1), Tiberius (Luke 3:1), and Claudius (Acts 18:2 and = Acts=20 11:28). The birth of Jesus is fixed in the reign of the emperor = Augustus, when=20 Herod the Great was king of Judaea, and Quirinius governor of Syria = (Luke 1:5,=20 2:2). Luke dates by a series of synchronisms in the Greek historical = manner the=20 beginning of John the Baptist's ministry (Luke 3:12), just as the Greek=20 historian Thucydides dates the formal outbreak of the Peloponnesian War = in his=20 History, book II.² Luke accurately = names the=20 Roman governors Quirinius, Pilate, Sergius, Paullus, Gallio, Felix, and = Festus,=20 Herod the Great and a few of his descendants, including Herod Antipas = the=20 tetrarch of Galilee, the vassal-kings Herod Agrippa I and II, Berenice = and=20 Drusilla, Jewish priests such as Annas, Caiaphas, and Ananias, and = Gamaliel, the=20 great Rabbi and Pharisaic leader. An author relating his story to the = wider=20 context of world history must be careful, because he affords the reader = abundant=20 opportunities to test the degree of his accuracy. Not only does Luke = take this=20 risk, but he stands the test admirably. F. F. Bruce writes:=20

One of the most remarkable tokens of his accuracy is his = sure=20 familiarity with the proper titles of all the notable persons who are=20 mentioned in his pages. This was by no means such an easy feat in his = days as=20 it is in ours, when it is so simple to consult convenient books of = reference.=20 The accuracy of Luke's use of the various titles in the Roman Empire = has been=20 compared to the easy and confident way in which an Oxford man in = ordinary=20 conversation will refer to the Heads of Oxford colleges by their = proper=20 titles--the Provost of Oriel, the Master of Balliol, the Rector of = Exeter, the=20 President of Magdalen, and so on. A non-Oxonian like the present = writer never=20 feels quite at home with the multiplicity of these Oxford titles. But = Luke had=20 a further difficulty in that the titles sometimes did not remain the = same for=20 any great length of time; a province might pass from senatorial = government to=20 administration by a direct representative of the emperor, and would = then be=20 governed no longer by a proconsul but by an imperial legate (legatus = pro=20 proetore).³

F. F. Bruce gives multitudes of specific examples of the incredible = accuracy=20 of Luke as a historian.⁴=20

Among the many supposed mistakes of Luke that have since been = vindicated was=20 the mention in Luke 3:1 of Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene in the = fifteenth=20 year of Tiberius (A.D. 27- 28). The only Lysanias of Abilene otherwise = known=20 from ancient history was a king who was executed by the order of Mark = Antony in=20 34 B.C. We now have archaeological evidence of a later Lysanias who had = the=20 status of tetrarch. An inscription recording the dedication of a temple = reads,=20 "For the salvation of the Lords Imperial and their whole household, by=20 Nymphaeus, a freedman of Lysanias the tetrarch." The reference to "Lords = Imperial," which was a joint title given only to the emperor Tiberius = and his=20 mother Livia, the widow of Augustus, establishes the date of the = inscription to=20 between A.D. 14 and 29, the years of Tiberius' accession and Livia's = death,=20 respectively.⁵=20

In the book of Acts, chapters 27 and 28, Luke records a sea voyage = from=20 Palestine on which he was shipwrecked en route to Italy with Paul and = his=20 companions. H. J. Holtzmann describes this as "one of the most = instructive=20 documents for the knowledge of ancient seamanship."⁶ James Smith of Jordanhill, an experienced = yachtsman=20 who was quite familiar with the part of the Mediterranean Sea on which = Paul=20 sailed, bears witness to the remarkable accuracy of Luke's account of = each part=20 of the voyage.=20

He writes:=20

I do not even assume the authenticity of the narrative of = the=20 voyage and shipwreck contained in the Acts of the Apostles, but = scrutinise St.=20 Luke's account of the voyage precisely as I would those of Baffin or=20 Middleton, or of any antient [sic] voyage of doubtful authority, or = involving=20 points on which controversies have been raised. A searching comparison = of the=20 narrative, with the localities where the events so circumstantially = related=20 are said to have taken place, with the aids which recent advances in = our=20 knowledge of the geography and the navigation of the eastern part of = the=20 Mediterranean supply, accounts for every transaction--clears up every=20 difficulty--and exhibits an agreement so perfect in all its parts as = to admit=20 but of one explanation, namely, that it is a narrative of real events, = written=20 by one personality engaged in them, and that the tradition respecting = the=20 locality is true.⁷

Concerning the accuracy of Luke as a historian, F. F. Bruce writes:=20

Now, all these evidences of accuracy are not accidental. A = man=20 whose accuracy can be demonstrated in matters where we are able to = test it is=20 likely to be accurate even where the means for testing him are not = available.=20 Accuracy is a habit of mind, and we know from happy (or unhappy) = experience=20 that some people are habitually accurate just as others can be = depended upon=20 to be inaccurate. Luke's record entitles him to be regarded as a = writer of=20 habitual accuracy.⁸

Sir William Ramsay writes:=20

The present writer takes the view that Luke's history is=20 unsurpassed in respect of its trustworthiness. At this point we are = describing=20 what reasons and arguments changed the mind of one who began under the = impression that the history was written long after the events and that = it was=20 untrustworthy as a whole.⁹

Concerning Luke's accuracy as a historian, Henry J. Cadbury, a = professor from=20 Harvard University, writes:=20

The historical worth of the Acts of the Apostles is not to = be=20 expressed merely in such negative terms. In itself it often carries = its own=20 evidences of accuracy, of intelligent grasp of its theme, of fullness = of=20 information. Its stories are not thin and colorless but packed with = variety=20 and substance. There is reason for the modern scholar to ponder them=20 carefully, to examine them in detail and to compare them point for = point=20 throughout the volume. . . . The data which throw light on the history = in Acts=20 are also the data which confirm its place in history. But there is a=20 difference in the approach. To a large extent the material with which = I shall=20 deal is capable of an apologetic use. It can be cited to show that the = author=20 of Acts is dealing with facts and reality.¹⁰

¹ F. F. Bruce, The New Testament = Documents:=20 Are They Reliable?, fifth ed. (Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter-Varsity = Press,=20 1960), p. 80.=20

² See The Complete Writings of = Thucydides, trans. Joseph Gavorse (New York: Random House, 1934), = Book=20 II, Chapter VI, p. 84.=20

³ Bruce, p. 82.=20

⁴ Ibid., pp. 82-92.=20

⁵ Eduard Meyer, Ursprung Und = Anfange Des=20 Christentums (Stuttgart: J. G. Cottaishe, 1962), pp. 46-49.=20

⁶ H. J. Holtzmann, = Hand-Commentar zum=20 Neuen Testament (Freiburg: Akademische Verlagsbuchhandlung Von J. = C. B.=20 Mohr, 1889), pp. 420-426.=20

⁷ James Smith, The Voyage and = Shipwreck=20 of St. Paul (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848), = pp. v-vi.=20

⁸ Bruce, p. 90. See Also Sir William = M.=20 Ramsay, The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of = the New=20 Testament (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915), p. 80.=20

⁹ Sir William M. Ramsay, The = Bearing of=20 Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament = (London:=20 Hodder and Stoughton, 1915), p. 81.=20

¹⁰ Henry J. Cadbury, The Book = of Acts in=20 History (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), pp. 3, 4.=20

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=A9 = 1996 Richard M.=20 Riss
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